For a century and a half major improvements in 
     technology, in the industrial arts, and in material comfort, 
     as well as most developments in the realms of intellect 
     and aesthetics, have been yoked to the service of 
     nationalism. The Industrial Revolution, despite its 
     cosmopolitan potentialities, has been largely nationalized 
     in actual fact. Modern scholarship, despite its scientific 
     claims and its ubiquitous nature, has been 
     preponderantly enlisted in support of nationalism. 
     Philosophies which in origin were not expressly nationalist 
     and were sometimes definitely intended to be anti- 
     nationalist, philosophies such as Christianity, Liberalism, 
     Marxism, and the systems of Hegel, Comte, and Nietsche, 
     have been copiously drawn upon and frequently distorted 
     for nationalist purposes. The plastic arts, music, and 
     belles-lettres, despite their universal appeal, have become